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Find out moreWelcome to this edition of Law Update, where we focus on the ever-evolving landscape of financial services regulation across the region. As the financial markets in the region continue to grow and diversify, this issue provides timely insights into the key regulatory developments shaping banking, investment, insolvency, and emerging technologies.
2025 is set to be a game-changer for the MENA region, with legal and regulatory shifts from 2024 continuing to reshape its economic landscape. Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Egypt, Iraq, Qatar, and Bahrain are all implementing groundbreaking reforms in sustainable financing, investment laws, labor regulations, and dispute resolution. As the region positions itself for deeper global integration, businesses must adapt to a rapidly evolving legal environment.
Our Eyes on 2025 publication provides essential insights and practical guidance on the key legal updates shaping the year ahead—equipping you with the knowledge to stay ahead in this dynamic market.
The Coronavirus is defined by the World Health Organization (‘WHO’) is a large family of viruses which may cause illness in animals or humans. In humans, several Coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. The most recently discovered coronavirus causes coronavirus disease COVID-19 (‘Coronavirus’).
This article will shed light on the consequences of Coronavirus for construction claims due to delay in material supply or shortage in labour. We will highlight in this article the contractors’ contractual position under the FIDIC 1999, red book, and the potential legal arguments available to employers in response to these types of claims.
This article will examine, in particular, the following questions:
If a contractor intends to file a construction claim due to Coronavirus’ effect on their project progress, the contractors will need to refer to one of the following clauses:
Some of the related clauses in the FIDIC Red Book, on which the contractor may seek to rely in advancing a claim under Clause 20.1, include:
(d) Unforeseeable shortages in the availability of personnel or Goods caused by epidemic or governmental actions.’
‘any operation of the forces of nature which is Unforeseeable or against which an experienced contractor could not reasonably have been expected to have taken adequate preventative precautions.’
Clause (17.3) is linked to Clause (17.4) Consequences of Employer’s Risks
‘If and to the extent that any of the risks listed in Sub-Clause 17.3 above results in loss or damage to the Works, Goods or Contractor’s Documents, the Contractor shall promptly give notice to the Engineer and shall rectify this loss or damage to the extent required by the Engineer.
If the Contractor suffers delay and/or incurs cost from rectifying this loss or damage, the Contractor shall give a further notice to the Engineer and shall be entitled subject to Sub-Clause 20.1 [Contractor’s Claims] to:
(a) an extension of time for any such delay, if completion is or will be delayed, under Sub-Clause 8.4 [Extension of Time for Completion];and’
‘In this Clause, “Force Majeure” means an exceptional event or circumstance:
Force Majeure may include, but is not limited to, exceptional events or circumstances of the kind listed below, so long as conditions (a) to (d) above are satisfied:
As noted above, the contractor has a contractual entitlement to submit a claim under any of the contractual clauses set out above. Nevertheless, will Coronavirus provide a valid basis on which to submit a claim for the purpose of these provisions?
Unless a governmental decree, instructions, or directions, are issued, the employers may reject the contractors’ claim, as the WHO explicitly states that although for most people Coronavirus may make some people very ill, and in rare cases, it can be fatal, it leads to mild illness for the majority of those affected. Older people, and those with pre-existing medical conditions (such as high blood pressure, heart problems or diabetes) appear to be most vulnerable. The WHO further points out that, while they are still learning about how the Coronavirus affects people, older persons and persons with pre-existing medical conditions (as mentioned above) appear to develop serious illness more often than others.
Further, employers may argue that, at least according to the Worldometer, approximately, 83 per cent of Coronavirus’ active cases involve a mild condition, while the remaining 17 per cent of those infected are in a serious or critical condition. In Coronavirus’ closed cases, the approximate percentage of the patients who recovered is, thankfully, 94 per cent, while six per cent passed away (which, of course, no matter how low a percentage is still to be regretted).
As a result, as the Coronavirus, may not be considered as a valid reason to entitle contractors to make claims related to the EOT, and prolongation costs, (if applicable), unless a governmental decree, instructions, or directions, are issued.
It is pertinent to note that force majeure has been defined in the cassation judgement number (384&466 of 2014) issued by Abu Dhabi Cassation Court, in which it was highlighted, among other things, that the force majeure event must be an event that is impossible to avoid, and the criteria of what is constitutes force majeure or not, will fall to be decided according to the sole discretion of the court. This means that the local court will have a wide discretion to determine whether the Coronavirus is considered a valid reason for contractors to delay the work on site. The courts may be expected to take into account the WHO and the Worldometer reports mentioned above, and this may serve to undermine the basis of Coronavirus EOT claims as matters stand, unless new evidence emerges to cast doubt over those reports, or a governmental decree, instructions, or directions, are issued, for example, which mandate the suspension of works on site in order to contain the virus or to counteract its spread, or a delay in material supply due to closing the relevant manufacturing industries.
Al Tamimi & Company’s Construction & Infrastructure team advises clients across the region involved in the construction and infrastructure industry. For further information, please contact Ahmad Ghoneim (a.ghoneim@tamimi.com).
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