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Find out moreHow has Education in the Middle East and North Africa evolved to keep up with progressive digital and regulatory requirements of the times?
From the rise of AI in the classroom to the strong international interest in the regions education market the sector continues to undergo major transformation.
Our latest Law Update, titled “Brushstrokes of Law: Painting the Future”, takes a deep dive into these latest developments. In this issue, we explore:
We also feature a special section on our collaboration with the Mawaheb Art Studio, a unique creative space for People of Determination, and the artwork you see through the pages of this edition is a reflection of the students creativity.
The Law Update is a must-read for anyone who is passionate about education, whether you’re a lawyer, educator, policymaker, or investor.
Read the full editionKhaled Saqqaf - Partner, Head of Office - Jordan - Corporate / Mergers and Acquisitions / Banking and Finance / Capital Markets
The majority of investors, both small and large, tend to face the same concerns in starting up and/or expanding their businesses; namely recourse to the funding necessary to achieve the same. In Iraq, a country plagued by years of political unrest and continued warfare, encouraging investors to chance the uncertainty underlying Iraq’s market is no easy task; and yet, as Iraq and in turn Iraq’s market and economy begin to reinstate themselves in the international scene, corporate interest in Iraq continues to grow at an outstanding rate; in particular, interest in Iraq’s capital markets has never been greater. At the forefront of this, is a renewed interest in IPOs and the opportunities created by the same.
But what does the IPO process itself entail?
1. Joint-Stock Companies
The Iraqi Companies Law No.21 of 1997 (as amended) (the “Companies Law”) defines a joint-stock company generally as a company composed of not less than 5 persons; whose shareholders subscribe in its shares through a public offering and whose responsibility for the debts of the company is limited to the value of the shares they subscribe for.
The Companies Law recognizes two such types of companies; the private joint-stock company (“PJSC”) and the mixed joint-stock company; wherein to qualify as a mixed company, the contribution of the public sector in the same must not be less than 25% of the share capital. A mixed-joint stock company is subject to numerous governmental regulations and requirements, and which are outside the scope of this Article.
Registering a Joint-Stock Company
A joint-stock company must be registered with the Companies Control Department of the Ministry of Trade (“MoT”). In general, in order to register with the MoT, the company must fulfil the following:
2. Public Subscription of Shares
In addition to registration with the MoT, the PJSC must obtain the approval of the Iraqi Securities & Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) in order to undergo an IPO. It is important to note that the founders of a PJSC are required to subscribe for not less than 20% of its nominal capital, the remainder to be offered to the public. Public subscription of shares shall take place at a bank licensed to operate in Iraq in a form bearing the name of the PJSC; and which shall be responsible for the soundness of the subscription process, as well as undertaking the following responsibilities:
The subscription period in Iraq shall not be less than 30 days, and not exceeding 60 days. It is, however possible to extend the subscription period for a further 60-day in certain circumstances.
3. Listing on the Iraq Stock Exchange (“ISX”)
The related instructions provide a number of requirements/conditions which a PJSC must satisfy before it can list on the ISX, including (among others) to:
Conclusion
Following a challenging period of unrest in Iraq, the introduction of a series of measures by the Iraqi government aimed at reviving the Iraqi market, are hoped to help create a more stable, more competitive, economy in Iraq in line with international commercial practices. In particular, this latest requirement by the government to see a number of Iraq’s main industries undergoing an IPO, is likely to have profound implications on the revival of Iraq’s local capital market, a market, which, until recently, has been dormant for many years now.
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